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Aims and objectives : Facial morphology is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors which interact in complex ways to determine the form and function of the craniofacial complex. Many studies have been done to know the amount of heritability of the skeletal components but hardly are known about the heritability of soft tissue pattern which is compared by everyone as soon as the child born. Cephalometry and photography is used in orthodontics to document the appearance of the face. Considerable progress has been made in the development of its application in orthodontics. Thus, the study was done to know the heritability of soft tissue pattern between parents and their offsprings by using photographs. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 140 children and their parents. Material was collected from both the genders of children above the age of 16 years. Frontal and right lateral photographs of the entire sample were taken in the standardized pattern. Tracings were made on all the photographs. Twenty-seven parameters of linear and proportional measurements were measured. Results: Statistically significant correlations between parents and their offspring were found. It was found that daughters had greater genetic influence from both the parent than sons. Higher correlation was found for the mandibular position, chin prominence, nasal prominence, nasal width, lip length at philtrum, facial height and lip prominence. Conclusion: The evidence of significant genetic contribution was there for linear and proportional parameters. Sons showed stronger heritability to their mothers than to their fathers while daughter showed heritability from both the parents. Thus, the soft tissue form of offspring can be predicted from parental data and the information from the siblings can also be used.

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Introduction : Rapid palatal expansion of the midpalatal suture is an effective method for the correction of transverse malocclusions. This study was conducted to compare the reaction of circum-maxillary sutures and center of resistance of molar to the Hyrax appliance with different degrees of activations and the Spring jet appliance using laser holography on a freshly macerated skull. Materials and methods: A freshly macerated skull with well-aligned teeth and intact dental arches was used as the experimental model. The Hyrax appliance and Spring jet appliances were fabricated and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using double exposure hologram. Hyrax was activated two ¼ turns, four ¼ turns and eight ¼ turns. The Spring jet is activated and double exposure hologram was recorded. Results: Results were obtained qualitatively by observing the fringes, and quantitatively by counting the number of fringes. The Spring jet showed fringes only in the first molar area, whereas the Hyrax showed fringes along the circum-maxillary sutures and the first molar area; and the number of fringes increased with the number of turns. Conclusion: Hyrax appliance activation produced mechanical reactions on the teeth, alveolar bone, maxilla and the circum-maxillary bones and sutures. The displacement and fringes increased progressively with two, four and eight turns activation of hyrax. The pattern of the fringes was more circular around the nasomaxillary complex and zygomaticomaxillary sutures, suggesting rotational displacement of the maxilla. The number and pattern of fringes produced by the Spring jet appliances suggest that it produces only dentoalveolar changes and minimal orthopedic affects.

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Introduction: The design of an appliance for retraction of six anterior teeth using orthodontic mini-implant (OMI) anchorage and sliding mechanics must take into account the position and height of the mini-implant and the height of the anterior retraction hook, we used finite element analysis to examine effective en masse retraction with orthodontic mini-implant anchorage and sought to identify a better combination of the above factors. Materials and methods: Base models were constructed from a measurements given in the Wheeler's dental anatomy book. The center of resistance for the 6 anterior teeth in the base model was calculated. The working archwires were assumed to be 0.019" × 0.025" in stainless steel. The amount of tooth displacement after finite element analysis was measured. Results and conclusions: In low OMI (6 mm) anteriors showed tipping movement. Mid implant condition (8 mm) showed more of bodily movement during retraction as the force passes near or through the CRs of all the six anterior teeth. In high OMI (10 mm) and 0 mm ARH condition, all the six anterior teeth showed intrusion with retraction.

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Objective: To evaluate the reproducibility of the concordance between skeletal maturity index stages of hand-wrist radiograph (Fishman) and cervical vertebral maturity index stages of lateral cephalogram (Hassel and Farman). Materials and methods: A radiographic hand-wrist bone analysis and cephalometric cervical-vertebral analysis of 48 patients (24 males and 24 females; 7– 18 years of age) were examined. The hand-wrist bone analysis was evaluated by the Fishman index, whereas the cervical vertebral analysis was assessed by the Hassel and Farman (CVMI) method. These measurements were then compared with the hand-wrist bone analysis, and the results were statistically analyzed by the Cohen κ concordance index. Results: The Cohen κ index obtained (mean ± SD) was 0.70 ± 0.02, which is in the good range of agreement. The results also show a correlation of CVMI I with Fishman stages 1-2, CVMI II with Fishman stages 3-4, CVM III with Fishman stages 4-5, CVMI IV with Fishman stages 6- 7,CVMI V with Fishman stages 9-10 and CVMI VI with Fishman stage 11. Conclusion: Vertebral analysis on a lateral cephalogram is as valid as the hand-wrist bone analysis with the advantage of reducing the radiation exposure of growing subjects.

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Introduction : An important component of many orthodontic assessments is an evaluation of the horizontal relationship of the teeth and jaws. In this study, an attempt was made to assess the gender differences in the maxillary and mandibular morphology in different overjet groups. This is useful in analysis of malocclusion and prediction of treatment success. Materials and methods: Lateral cephalograms of a total 64 subjects were taken. The chronological ages of the subjects ranged from 18 to 24 years. The 64 subjects were selected on the basis of overjet and were divided into four groups according to overjet size. Finally, each overjet group consists of 16 subjects (eight males and eight females). Thirteen linear and one angular measurement were used to assess the maxillary and mandibular morphology. Results and conclusion: Analysis of variance shows that for males MxAABH (maxillary anterior alveolar and basal height), ANS-PNS (palatal length), Cd-Gn (mandibular length), RW (ramus width), and gonial angle were found statistically significant among overjet groups and in females MxAABH, MxAD (maxillary anterior depth), Cd-Gn, SD (symphysis depth) and RW were found significant among overjet groups. Correlations were found significant for both males and females in relation to Cd-Gn, RW and gonial angle parameters.

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Introduction : Skeletal age assessment by hand-wrist radiographs has been found to correlate significantly with the growth status of an individual but has a known drawback in the form of extra radiograph and high dose of radiation exposure in comparison to periapical X-rays used commonly in dentistry. Aims and objectives: The purpose of the study was to assess skeletal age using hand-wrist as well as periapical radiographs of maxillary and mandibular canine and to find the correlation among the skeletal, dental and chronological ages. Materials and methods: Ninety Indian healthy children in the age group 9 to 13 years, comprising equal number of males and females were included in the study. The children were radiographed for hand-wrist of the right hand and intraoral periapical X-ray for right permanent maxillary and mandibular canine. Results: There was high correlation between skeletal maturation indicator and canine calcification for both male and female (0.635, 0.891). Conclusion: Females were more advanced in skeletal maturation than males. Chronological age showed inconsistent correlation with dental and skeletal ages. It was concluded that canine calcification stages can also be used for assessing skeletal maturity.

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Background and objectives : The present study is conducted to ascertain whether or not Pont's Index can be used reliably on Maratha individuals and if not, to establish the norms for the same. A mathematical model is also presented to individualize the nature of arch form. Materials and methods: Full mouth dental cast of 60 patients between ages 18 and 25 years were obtained belonging to Maharashtra and traced back to two generations. The different formulae were used to determine the premolar and molar indices of the maxillary arch width by using the sum of incisal widths of maxilla or mandible. Mathematical model was determined using fourth order polynomial. Results: Mean and standard deviation of premolar arch width and molar arch width for male is 37.59 ± 1.76 and 48.15 ± 2.16 and for females, it is 35.61 ± 1.66 and 46.12 ± 2.06 respectively. The premolar and molar indices derived from sum of maxillary incisors (SI_max) are 80.29 ± 5.39 and 62.66 ± 4.0 for males and 82.33 ± 4.02 and 63.6 ± 3.62 for females respectively. The polynomial indicated that the arches were symmetrical. The arch dimensions showed variations in males and females. Conclusion: Significant correlation was found between the sum of maxillary incisors and interpremolar width but not with the intermolar width while sum of mandibular incisors showed significant correlation with the interpremolar and intermolar arch width. There is no single arch form unique to any of the ethnic groups. A new formula is proposed to determine the premolar and molar index.

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Objective : To check the reliability of various study model indices viz Ponts', Bolton's, Howes', Peck and Peck Index and Korkhaus Index. Materials and methods: Study models of male and female subjects between the age range of 18 and 26 years with normal Class I occlusion and an overjet or overbite < 3 mm and a crowding or spacing of < 2 mm were selected. Index values calculated were subjected to statistical comparison with earlier studies. Results: Significant differences were observed for the most of the variables with Ponts', Howes', Peck and Peck Index and Korkhaus Index. No significant differences were observed between the original Bolton study and the present study. Conclusion: It was observed that Ponts' Index was least reliable while Bolton's Index proved to be a useful clinical guide.

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Improper method employed to bond permanent lingual retainer results in clinical problems. A simple, convenient and cost-effective method is being suggested to bond permanent lingual retainer. This method involves the use of stainless steel archwire. Construction involves making a 'v'-shaped bend on either ends of the archwire. The tag arms on this archwire pass on the lingual aspect and hold the retainer wire passively, thus, allowing easy and effective retainer wire stabilization.

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Introduction: Orthodontic treatment is presently dominated by two techniques, the Begg light wire differential force technique and the preadjusted edgewise technique. Orthodontic appliances at present commonly utilize sliding mechanics for extraction space closure with different types of force delivery systems. Materials and methods: The present study was designed to compare the rates of retraction and anchorage loss between elastics, elastomeric chains and nickel-titanium (NiTi) closed coil springs, using a continuous archwire system with the Begg light wire differential force technique. Results: The rate of canine retraction was faster by 0.6 mm per month with the NiTi closed coil spring compared to elastics and elastomeric chains. The NiTi closed coil springs produced more rapid rate of canine retraction but they also produced the greatest amount of anchorage loss.

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Aim: Perception of beauty is a subjective phenomenon and varies from individual to individual. The aim of this study was to find out the least acceptable malocclusion trait among crowding, spacing with overjet, open bite and deep bite. Materials and methods: The one hundred and nine college students were shown frontal photographs of four patients having severe crowding, spacing with increased overjet, open bite and deep bite. They were asked to rate their perception on visual analog scale. The data obtained was analyzed by SPSS. Results: In this study it was found that crowding of teeth was the least acceptable malocclusion trait followed by spacing and increased overjet, open bite and deep bite. Conclusion: Crowding malocclusion and spacing with increased overjet created the worst impression and were among the most disliked malocclusion traits. People having these malocclusion traits are easily noticed for their compromised esthetics and have to face discrimination.

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